Hinduism is the only religion that propounds the idea of life-cycles of the universe. It suggests that the universe undergoes an infinite number of deaths and rebirths. As in modern physics, Hindu cosmology envisaged the universe as having a cyclical nature. The end of each kalpa brought about by Shiva's dance is also the beginning of the next. Rebirth follows destruction
Hinduism, according to Carl Sagan, in his book, Cosmos wrote:
"... is the only religion in which the time scales correspond... to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of the Brahma, 8.64 billion years long, longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big Bang"
Long before Aryabhata (6th century) came up with this awesome achievement, apparently there was a mythological angle to this as well -- it becomes clear when one looks at the following translation of Bhagavad Gita (part VIII, lines 16 and 17),
"All the planets of the universe, from the most evolved to the most base, are places of suffering, where birth and death takes place. But for the soul that reaches my Kingdom, O son of Kunti, there is no more reincarnation. One day of Brahma is worth a thousand of the ages [yuga] known to humankind; as is each night."
Thus each kalpa is worth one day in the life of Brahma, the God of creation. In other words, the four ages of the mahayuga must be repeated a thousand times to make a "day ot Brahma", a unit of time that is the equivalent of 4.32 billion human years, doubling which one gets 8.64 billion years for a Brahma day and night. This was later theorized (possibly independently) by Aryabhata in the 6th century. The cyclic nature of this analysis suggests a universe that is expanding to be followed by contraction... a cosmos without end. This, according to modern physicists is not an impossibility.
(source: Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient India). Watch Carl Sagan and Hindu cosmology – video
Dr. Sagan in his book Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, remarks:
"Immanuel Velikovsky (the
author of Earth in Upheaval) in
his book Worlds in Collision, notes that the idea of four
ancient ages terminated by catastrophe is common to Indian as well as to
Western sacred writing.
However, in the Bhagavad Gita and in
the Vedas,
widely divergent numbers of such ages, including an infinity of them, are
given; but, more interesting, the duration of the ages between major
catastrophes is specified as billions of years. .. "
"The idea that scientists or theologians, with our
present still puny understanding of this vast and awesome cosmos, can
comprehend the origins of the universe is only a little less silly than the
idea that Mesopotamian astronomers of 3,000 years ago – from whom the ancient
Hebrews borrowed, during the Babylonian captivity, the cosmological accounts in
the first chapter of Genesis – could have understood the origins of the
universe. We simply do not know.
The Hindu holy book,
the Rig Veda
(X:129), has a much more realistic view
of the matter:
“Who knows for certain? Who shall here declare it?
Whence was it born, whence came creation?
The gods are later than this world’s formation;
Who then can know the origins of the world?
None knows whence creation arose;
And whether he has or has not made it;
He who surveys it from the lofty skies,
Only he knows- or perhaps he knows not."
Whence was it born, whence came creation?
The gods are later than this world’s formation;
Who then can know the origins of the world?
None knows whence creation arose;
And whether he has or has not made it;
He who surveys it from the lofty skies,
Only he knows- or perhaps he knows not."
(source: Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science - By Carl
Sagan p. 106 - 137).
Hinduism is not a single religion, rather it
is a multifaceted matrix of beliefs, philosophies, practices, myths and epics.
Within this matrix there are many myths of cosmogenesis. The Sanskrit word for creation is srishti,
which means projecting a gross thing from a subtle substance. Srishti
does not mean bringing out existence from non-existence or creating something
from nothing. Creation implies something arising from nothing, or non-existence
becoming existence. Hindus declare that non-existence can never be the source
of creation. Thus, the universe is more accurately said to be the projection of
the Supreme Being rather than a creation. To the Vedic sages, creation indicated that point before which there was no Creator, the line between indefinable nothingness and something delineated by attributes and function, at least. Like the moment before the Big Bang Theory. These concepts preoccupy high wisdom, the Truth far removed from mere religion. The Bible begins with the Creation. Before the Creation, however, there was the Creator, but does even He know what was there before He existed ?
Long before such philosophical questions occurred to other historical peoples, Vedism posited the existence of something more ultimate than the one God. Whatever must have created Him. That is presuming the absolute and basic reality. Or is it?
Hymn 129 of the Rig Veda speaks:
Hymn 109 says: " Then neither Being nor not-Being existed, neither atmosphere, nor the firmament, nor what is above it . . . The One breathed windless by its own power. Nought else but this existed then.
In the beginning was darkness swathed in darkness: all this was but unmanifested water. Whatever was, that One coming into being, hidden by the void, was generated by the power of heat.
In the beginning desire which was the first seed of mind overcovered it. Wise seers, searching in their hearts, found the bond of Being in Not-Being . . ." (Rig Veda - translated by Ralph Griffith 575 - 6).
In this hymn the One, may refer to the creator god Brahma, his breathing and desire bring the world into existence. Before this was a void which can be described only by a paradox, Being nor Not-Being.
Creation accounts in the Vedas speak of a cosmic egg or embryo from which " the lord of creation" was born as the great oceans heated up. But later hymns were increasingly skeptical of such symbolism; the tenth book of the Rig Veda includes a verse asking,
"Who truly knows, who could here declare when was born, whence comes this creation?'
Cyclic Creation
In one of the story of The Upanishads, referred to by Joseph Campbell in his series of interviews with Bill Moyers, Brahma is the creative force behind a series of universes:
Brahma sits on a
lotus, the symbol of divine energy and divine grace. The lotus grows from the
navel of Vishnu. who is the sleeping god, whose dream is the universe. . . .
Brahma opens his eyes and a world come into being . . . Brahma closes his eyes,
and a world goes out of being. (Campbell 63)
This story is similar to some modern ideas on
the creation of the universe in continuous cycle, like the one proposed
by John Wheeler,
all constants and laws of previous cycles are lost at the end of the
contracting phase, and new universes can be created in an infinite number of
cycles. (Artwork courtesy of The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc. www.krishna.com).
Princeton University’s Paul Steinhardt and Cambridge University’s Neil Turok, have recently developed The Cyclical Model.
They have just fired their latest volley at that belief, saying there could be a timeless cycle of expansion and contraction. It’s an idea as old as Hinduism, updated for the 21st century. The theorists acknowledge that their cyclic concept draws upon religious and scientific ideas going back for millennia — echoing the "oscillating universe" model that was in vogue in the 1930s, as well as the Hindu belief that the universe has no beginning or end, but follows a cosmic cycle of creation and dissolution.
(source: Questioning the Big Bang - msnbcnews.com).
A 9th century Hindu
scripture, The Mahapurana by Jinasena
claims the something as modern as the following: (translation from [5])
"Some foolish men declare that a Creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill-advised, and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before creation?... How could God have made the world without any raw material? If you say He made this first, and then the world, you are faced with an endless regression... Know that the world is uncreated, as time itself is, without beginning and end. And it is based on principles."
(source: Astronomy and
Mathematics in Ancient India). "Some foolish men declare that a Creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill-advised, and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before creation?... How could God have made the world without any raw material? If you say He made this first, and then the world, you are faced with an endless regression... Know that the world is uncreated, as time itself is, without beginning and end. And it is based on principles."
(Refer to Visions of the End of the World - By Dr. Subhash Kak - sulekha.com).
For more refer to The Infinitesimal Calculus: How and Why it Was Imported into Europe - By C. K. Raju and
Computers, mathematics education, and the alternative epistemology of the calculus in the Yuktibhâsâ - By C. K. Raju
Continuous Creation
Another view of creation expressed in Hindu literature is the idea that being is eternal. The universe was not created, it will not be destroyed. It simply is. This selection from the second teaching of the Bhagavad-Gita, speaks of this type of creation:
"Indestructible is the presence that pervades all this; no one can destroy this unchanging reality. It is not born, it does not die; having been, it will never not be; unborn, enduring, constant, and primordial, it is not killed when the body is killed."
The beauty as well as the horror of this ground of being is revealed to Arjuna later in the Gita when Krishna reveals his true form as the god Vishnu. Vishnu is usually referred to as the preserver, the background behind all being. Stephen Hawking in describing his mathematical model of the universe has used a similar description.
Whereas in Western religions a creator god precedes man and the universe, the Hindu gods are preceded by creation; the origin of the world is envisaged not so much as an act of creation but as one of organization, the making of order out of chaos. The universe is often said to be born from the sacred syllable Om, or from an inert void in which " there was neither being nor non-being ... death nor non-death", a single principle from which emerged the diversity of life. From this void desire was born, and from desire came humans, gods and creation."
(Note: For more on yugas, refer to One Cosmic Day of Creator Brahma. Refer to A Map of Sacred Stories of the Ancient World - Contributed to this site by Dom Sturiale of Sydney, Australia. Refer to The World of Myth - By Ramesh N Rao - sulekha.com).
Maya or Illusion
For many thousands of years, it is argued, the mystics have had a cosmological and epistemological view of things that the Western world is just beginning to understand. Cosmologically, Western science has understood only recently that the universe is extremely old. In 1965 the temperature of the universe was measured for the first time, resulting in our present estimate of the age of the universe as 15 billion years old. In the ancient literature of the India one does not, of course, find such precise figures. Instead there are analogies such as the following. Imagine an immortal eagle flying over the Himalayas only once every 1,000 years; it carries a feather in its beak and each time it passes, it lightly brushes the tops of the gigantic mountain peaks. The amount of time it would take the eagle to completely erode the mighty Himalayas is said to be the age of the present manifestation of the universe. Such a conception of time, which predates modern science by thousands of years, is thought to be remarkable, especially when it is compared to the slow realization of Western science and religion to the possibility of a less humanlike time scale.
Eastern mysticism is also consistent with the results of quantum physics. The mystics have always rejected the idea of a hidden clocklike mechanism, sitting out there, independent of human observation. The number one truth is that reality does not consist of separate things, but is an indescribable, interconnected oneness. Each object of our normal experience is seen to be but a brief disturbance of a universal ocean of existence. Maya is the illusion that the phenomenal world of separate objects and people is the only reality. For the mystics this manifestation is real, but it is a fleeting reality; it is a mistake, although a natural one, to believe that maya represents a fundamental reality. Each person, each physical object, from the perspective of eternity is like a brief, disturbed drop of water from an unbounded ocean. The goal of enlightenment is to understand this--more precisely, to experience this: to see intuitively that the distinction between me and the universe is a false dichotomy. The distinction between consciousness and physical matter, between mind and body, is the result of an unenlightened perspective.
Maya (Sanskrit: "illusion") is a fundamental concept in Hindu philosophy, notably, in the Advaita (Non-dualist) school of the orthodox system of Vedanta. Maya denotes the power of wizardry with which a God can make human beings believe in what turns out to be an illusion; by extension it later came to mean the powerful force that creates the cosmic illusion that the phenomenal world is real.
Maya, as per Hindu thought, is illusion, and what mankind understands to be reality is in fact the dream of Brahma. Brahma is the creator and great magician who dreams the universe into being. The dream itself is maintained by Vishnu, the Preserver, who uses maya to spin the complex web that we know as reality. It is not that the world itself is an illusion, only our perception of it. Whereas we suppose the universe to be made up of a multitude of objects, structures and events, the theory of maya asserts that all things are one. Rational categories are mere fabrications of the human mind and have no ultimate reality.
In much of Hindu thought maya is illusion, and what humankind understands to be reality is in fact the dream of Brahma. He is the creator god and great magician who dreams the universe into being. The dream itself is maintained by Lord Vishnu, the Preserver, who uses maya to spin the complex web that we know as reality. It is not that the world itself is an illusion, only our perception of it. Whereas we suppose the universe to be made up of a multitude of objects, structures and events, the theory of maya asserts that all things are one. Rational categories are mere fabrications of the human mind and have no ultimate reality.
The symbol is that of
Ananta, the great Adisesha of infinity and eternity, which is always
represented, coiled up in a horizontal figure of 8 just like the
leminiscate.
Lord Vishnu is said to
rest in the coils of Ananta, the great serpent of Infinity, while he waits for
the universe to recreate itself.
Modern Indian spiritual teachers assert that
if the West had followed the Greek philosopher Heraclitus rather than Plato,
the history of ideas would be very different and the concept of maya would be
central to Western as well as to Eastern thought. Although Plato's teaching
resembles maya when he writes that "the visible world is a pale shadow of
a true reality beyond", he believed that each aspect of the world had a
separate, distinct identity. Heraclitus posited instead a theory which was
based on the assumption of the inseparable interconnectedness of the universe.
His theory of Becoming asserts that all things are in a state of constant flux;
always in the process of becoming something else. This hypothesis is echoed
today, some 2,500 years later, by Chaos
Theory, which the American science writer James Gleick defined as
"the science of process rather than state, of becoming rather than
being".Maya is thus that cosmic force that presents the infinite Brahman (the supreme being) as the finite phenomenal world. Maya is reflected on the individual level by human ignorance (ajñana) of the real nature of the self, which man has mistaken for the empirical ego but which is in reality identical with Brahman.
So why does all this worldly illusion exist? Ramakrishna called the world, "The Great Play of the Mother of the World." This is the "play" of Matter--the material world. It is somewhat like a stage play. We are all creatures of spirit with various coatings of matter hiding the spirit from the light. As we act out our Karmic roles in this great play, we remove the coatings of matter and release the light within us. The more light we accumulate within us, the more we can see the light hidden in other people and things. In reality, the whole world play exists for us to seek God Consciousness. All people are either striving toward the light or hiding from it. Those who are hiding are caught up in the Maya.
So, everything which has existence, everything in the phenomenal world is Maya. It is safe to say that "Everything is Maya." How does that affect us in our daily life? It affects the choices we make and therefore the Karma we make for ourselves as a result of those choices. So how should we deal with the Maya of existence? We should try to look for the Reality behind the veils of Maya. Primal Energy is the Infinite Transcendental Essence which permeates all existence. It is like Infinity in manifestation, if such a thing were possible. But to carry this analogy further where it is more understandable, we can best see everything in the universe as a differentiation or gradation of Primal Energy.
Thus, at the root of all existence--all Maya--is Primal Energy. Primal Energy is also the Great Aum, "The Word," or even God, if you will. Thus, when Hindus clasp their hands together and bow towards each other, they are saying, in effect, "The God within me greets the God within you."
Water of Illusion
The Greek philosopher Heraclitus used a river as an analogy for his Theory of Becoming, teaching that one cannot step into the same river twice. Maya, too, is often associated with water, the medium that forever changes as it flows from place to place. Water is often a symbol and an agent of illusion. When Lord Vishnu is compelled to lift the veils of maya for the benefit of his followers, water is never far away.
A well-known Hindu parable tells of a sage (Narada) who underwent such rigorous penance that he felt entitled to demand fro Lord Vishnu the secret of maya. The god responded by ordering the mortal to dive into a nearby river. When the sage emerged, he did so as a woman, oblivious of her former existence. After a lifetime of success and failure, happiness and tragedy, she finally threw herself in despair onto the funeral pyre of her husband who had been murdered. The fire was instantly quenched by water. The sage regained his former body, and in that moment Lord Vishnu appeared. " This is Maya," he said, and the sage came to understand the nature of illusion and the workings of the universe.
(Refer to Visions of the End of the World - By Dr. Subhash Kak - sulekha.com). Refer to A Map of Sacred Stories of the Ancient World - Contributed to this site by Dom Sturiale of Sydney, Australia. Refer to The World of Myth - By Ramesh N Rao - sulekha.com).
Churning of the Milky Ocean or Samudra-Manthana
In this great story of Samudra-Manthana, the Devas and the Asuras, the bright and the dark powers, both combined to churn the milky ocean to obtain the elixir of immortality. We do not have the absolute dichotomy of good and evil that is there in the Semitic traditions; the bright and dark powers, the Devas and the Asuras, are, in fact, related within the whole theory of duality. Promising them a share, they invited the demons (Asuras) to take the tail of the serpent Vasuki, wrapped about the giant churning pole like a rope. The pole was fixed to the bottom of the ocean and the waves it made in twisting one way and the other way threatened to destroy the three worlds. Lord Vishnu incarnated himself as a tortoise Kurma, taking the pole on his back to prevent the commotion. Glorious treasures emerged from the churned milk: Kamadhenu, the all-giving cow; Kalpavrksa, the wish-fulfilling tree; Accaisrava, the divine horse; Airavata, the divine elephant; Mahalaxshmi, the goddess of wealth and prosperity. These and other great gifts appeared and were happily divided between Asuras and Devas. The ultimate objective was the pot of ambrosia, the elixir of immortality, the amrta kalasa.
Suddenly, a terrible poison the came forth. Lord Shiva, the great primal divinity, aloof from avarice and materialism of the Devas and Asuras, appeared. He collected the poison in a cup, and as he drank it his throat turned blue, hence one of the names of Shiva is nilakantha, the blue-throated one.
Shiva Natarja (Cosmic Dance)
Throughout southern India, Lord Shiva is worshipped as Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. In the words of Ananda Coormaraswamy, a pioneering Hindu philosopher and historian of Indian art, Shiva's dance is the "clearest image of the activity of God which any art or religion can boast." The image of Shiva as Nataraj is indelibly stitched into the Indian imagination.
The dance of Shiva is
the dancing universe, the ceaseless flow of energy going through an infinite
variety of patterns that melt into one another’.
Lord Shiva, the cosmic
dancer - an image that now stands in the plaza of the European Organization for
Nuclear Research in Geneva. Hinduism the only religion whose time-scale for the
universe matches the billions of years documented by modern science
According to Sir Jacob
Epstein (1880-1959), leading English Sculptor. After
studying with Rodin in Paris, he revolted against the ornate and pretty in art,
producing bold, often harsh and massive forms in stone and bronze. has
written about Shiva Nataraja:
"Shiva dances, creating the world and destroying it, his large rhythms conjure up vast aeons of time, and his movements have a relentless magical power of incantation. Our European allegories are banal and pointless by comparison with these profound works, devoid of the trappings of symbolism, concentrating on the essential, the essentially plastic."
(source: Let There Be Sculpture - By Sir Jacob Epstein 1942 p. 193).
The late scientist, Carl Sagan, in his book, Cosmos asserts that the Dance of Nataraja (Tandava) signifies the cycle of evolution and destruction of the cosmic universe (Big Bang Theory).
"It is the clearest image of the activity of God which any art or religion can boast of." Modern physics has shown that the rhythm of creation and destruction is not only manifest in the turn of the seasons and in the birth and death of all living creatures, but also the very essence of inorganic matter. "
For modern physicists, then, Shiva's dance is the dance of subatomic matter. Hundreds of years ago, Indian artist created visual images of dancing Shiva's in a beautiful series of bronzes. Today, physicist have used the most advanced technology to portray the pattern of the cosmic dance. Thus, the metaphor of the cosmic dance unifies, ancient religious art and modern physics.
hiva's dance is a symbol of the unity and rhythm of existence. The unending, dynamic process of creation and destruction is expressed in the energetic posture of Shiva. He dances in a ring of fire that refers to the life-death process of the universe. Everything is subject to continual change, as energy constantly assumes new forms in the "play" (lila) of creation, except the god himself whose dance is immutable and absolute. The pictorial allegory of Nataraja indicates the so-called "five acts" of the deity: the creation of the universe, its sustenance in space, its final dissolution at the end of the cycle of four world ages (yugas), the concealment of the nature of the godhead, and the bestowal of true knowledge.
Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) first prime minister of free India, was more than a deeply moral human being. He yearned for spiritual light. He was particularly drawn to Swami Vivekananda and the Sri Ramakrishna Ashram. In his book - A Discovery of India he wrote:
"The statue of Nataraja (dance pose of Lord Shiva) is a well known example for the artistic, scientific and philosophical significance of Hinduism."
(source: A Discovery of India - By Jawaharlal Nehru p. 214).
Shiva's dance is a
symbol of the unity and rhythm of existence. The unending, dynamic process of
creation and destruction is expressed in the energetic posture of Shiva. He
dances in a ring of fire that refers to the life-death process of the universe.
Fritjof Capra
(1939 - ) Austrian-born famous theoretical
high-energy physicist and ecologist wrote:
"Modern physics has thus revealed that every
subatomic particle not only performs an energy dance, but also is an energy dance; a pulsating
process of creation and destruction. The
dance of Shiva is the dancing universe, the ceaseless flow of energy going
through an infinite variety of patterns that melt into one another’’.
For the modern physicists, then Shiva’s dance is the dance
of subatomic matter. As in Hindu mythology, it is a continual dance of creation
and destruction involving the whole cosmos; the basis of all existence and of
all natural phenomenon. Hundreds of years ago, Indian artists created visual
images of dancing Shivas in a beautiful series of bronzes. In our times,
physicists have used the most advanced technology to portray the patterns of
the cosmic dance."
(source: The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern
Physics and Eastern Mysticism - By Fritjof Capra p. 241-245).The posture and balance of Nataraja's dancing form show Lord Shiva in the aspect of tamas, the expansive centrifugal force that creates and destroys the universe. This is the first of the three "tendencies" (gunas) that permeate the universe in Samkhya philosophy. Tamas (darkness), symbolized by Shiva, is responsible for the constant birth, change and death of all living things; the force sattva (tranquility) represented by Vishnu the Preserver, holds the atoms of every object together. These two "tendencies" - one holding the atoms of the universe together and the other ripping them apart - create a " friction " (rajas) that "vibrates" the world's atoms and creates the gravity to hold them to the earth. This is the third tendency, symbolized by the deity Brahma. It is the building stuff both of matter and of subtle energies such as perception and thought.
Consciousness inhabits all living things and has permeated the universe since it was created from its original bindu (energy center). The first stave of the universe was filled by "space" : the potential area in which the world will "expand" with the energy of Shiva's aspect as tamas. At the end of Kali Yuga (the current age of ignorance), the expansion accelerates, everything merges and Shiva performs the terrible tandava dance of destruction.
The most important Shiva image during the Chola dynasty was that of Shiva as Lord of the Dance, or Shiva Nataraja. In this form, Shiva is a summation of Indian religion, philosophy and culture. Shiva's dance is of cosmic significance and represents five principle manifestations of eternal energy: Creation, Destruction, Preservation, Salvation, and Illusion. He holds in his upper right hand a small drum, the symbol of the sound of creation. In his upper left hand is a flame representing the final destruction of the universe. His lower right hand makes the gesture "fear not." With his lower left hand he points to his raised left foot, the place of refuge and salvation for the devotee. His right foot is planted on the back of the demon Apasmara Purusha, the personifying illusion of ignorance over whom Shiva triumphs. In Shiva's hairdo sits the river goddess Ganga, the personification of the Ganges river which is said to spring forth from Shiva's head.
The dancing lord Shiva represents the constant process of creation, preservation and destruction of the universe. He trods on the dwarf, symbolic of Ignorance, which must be eliminated if a believer is to attain release from the eternal cycle of birth and death. In Shiva's upper hands are a drum, symbol of creation, and fire, symbol of destruction. This magnificently modeled bronze image is a superb example of Chola workmanship.
The entire Universe is then engaged in movement and endless activity, in an uninterrupted cosmic dance of energy. In Hindu iconography the images that represent this dance are shown with Nataraja dancing with four arms and waving hair and should be read as pictorial allegories.
The upper right hand holds a small drum shaped as a clepsydra, which according to Zimmer keeps the rhythms of sound, the vehicle of the word transmitting revelation tradition and enchantment. The opposite hand, on the top left, with fingers postured as half moon, (ardhachandra mudra), carries a Flame, the element of destruction of the world on the palm of the hand. In the balance of the hands creation and destruction are shown as counterweights in the game of the cosmic dance made evident even by the quietness and serenity of Shiva's face at the centre between the two hands. The second right hand is making the gesture of 'motto fear ' that gives peace and protection, while the last left hand, suspended at the height of the breast, points toward the left foot symbolising liberation from the enchantment of Maya.
Universally regarded as the quintessential image of Hindu art and culture, representations of the god Shiva dancing in joyous abandonment within a circle of flames graphically depict his five cosmic acts of creation, preservation, destruction, unveiling of illusion, and liberation of the soul. His creative aspect is symbolized by the hourglass-shaped drum, in his proper upper right hand, which reproduces the primordial sound of creation. Shiva’s preservation of the universe is suggested by his lower right hand held in the gesture of reassurance and safety. The flame in his upper left hand and that encircling the aureole represent the fire by which he destroys the universe in order to recreate it. He lifts the veil of illusion through his engendering act of dancing. His liberation of the soul is shown by his upraised left leg, which tramples on a prostrate infant signifying forgetfulness and is thus a source of grace.
While Shiva is believed to dance in various forms and locales for differing purposes, in this pose as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), he is praised by the renowned eighteenth-century South Indian poet Thayumanavar as performing the “Dance of Bliss in the Hall of Consciousness.” The dance of bliss is specifically associated with Chidambaram, the sacred center of Nataraja worship, where Shiva is said to have first performed it in order to convert a group of holy men who were engaged in heretical practices. Chidambaram is also the site of the great twelfth-century temple specifically dedicated to Shiva’s aspect as Lord of the Dance. The temple has a silver image of the dancing god as its main icon, and the gateway around the complex is adorned with sculpted depictions of the 108 basic postures of classical Indian dance, Bharata Natyam, which has been performed since at least the second century B.C.
South Indian copper alloy images such as this were originally carried in processions during religious festivals; ropes were inserted through the square holes in the base to tie it to support poles. The distinctive elliptical shape of the aureole and slender figural style indicate that it is one of the earliest surviving images of this type.
As Shiva Nataraja,
Lord of the Dance, Shiva enacts the end of the world. He is the symbol of death
but only of death as the generator of life and as a source of that creative
power ever renewed by Vishnu and
Brahma.
He evokes the most intense adoration from
devotees for he fascinates even as he terrifies. He dances for cosmic
re-creation. Shiva's dance of bliss is the catalyst for the destruction of one
period of time and the creation of a new cosmos. He has a third eye in the
center of his forehead, the skull and crescent moon in his headdress.He has long, matted hair and there is a small female figure of the river goddess Ganga in the loose locks of hair twirling around head. The Indian genius for expressing movement in sculpture derives in large part from the high aesthetic value that dancing holds in Indian tradition. It is the posturings and movements of the dance that inspire the imagination of the sculptor. The four arms display the powers of Shiva. The upper right holds the drum or vibrant rattle of creation. The upper left holds the flame of destruction. The lower right hand is raised in the gesture of protection. The lower left hand points to the upraised foot that symbolizes escape from illusion, represented by the dwarf whom he crushes beneath his right foot. The drum is a symbol of rhythm and sound. The matted hair symbolizes his power (like Samson). Crescent moon is the symbol of growth and birth
Richard Waterstone has written in his book:
Einstein and Shiva's cosmic dance
'There is a striking resemblance between the equivalence of mass and energy, symbolized by Shiva's cosmic dance and the Western theory, first expounded by Einstein, which calculates the amount of energy contained in a subatomic particle by multiplying its mass by the square of the speed of light: E = mc2. "
(source: India: Living Wisdom - By Richard Waterstone p.135).
(Refer to Visions of the End of the World - By Dr. Subhash Kak - sulekha.com). Refer to A Map of Sacred Stories of the Ancient World - Contributed to this site by Dom Sturiale of Sydney, Australia. Refer to The World of Myth - By Ramesh N Rao - sulekha.com).
The Serpent of Infinity
The late scientist, Carl Sagan, in his book, Cosmos asserts that the Dance of Nataraja (Tandava) signifies the cycle of evolution and destruction of the cosmic universe (Big Bang Theory).
"It is the clearest image of the activity of God which any art or religion can boast of." Modern physics has shown that the rhythm of creation and destruction is not only manifest in the turn of the seasons and in the birth and death of all living creatures, but also the very essence of inorganic matter.
For modern physicists, then, Shiva's dance is the dance of subatomic matter. Hundreds of years ago, Indian artist created visual images of dancing Shiva's in a beautiful series of bronzes. Today, physicist have used the most advanced technology to portray the pattern of the cosmic dance. Thus, the metaphor of the cosmic dance unifies, ancient religious art and modern physics. The Hindus, according to Monier-Williams, were Spinozists more than 2,000 years before the advent of Spinoza, and Darwinians many centuries before Darwin and Evolutionists many centuries before the doctrine of Evolution was accepted by scientists of the present age.
"The Hindu religion is the only one of the world's great faiths dedicated to the idea that the Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite, number of deaths and rebirths. It is the only religion in which the time scales correspond, to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion years long. Longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big Bang. And there are much longer time scales still."
"The most elegant and sublime of these is a representation of the creation of the universe at the beginning of each cosmic cycle, a motif known as the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva. The god, called in this manifestation Nataraja, the Dance King. In the upper right hand is a drum whose sound is the sound of creation. In the upper left hand is a tongue of flame, a reminder that the universe, now newly created, with billions of years from now will be utterly destroyed."
(source: Cosmos - By Carl Sagan Random House ISBN 0375508325 p. 213-214).
According to Hindu belief, the universe is destroyed at
the end of each kalpa ( life of
the creator god, Brahma). Between the destruction of the world and its
re-creation, at the end of each cycle, Lord Vishnu is said to rest in the coils
of Ananta, the great serpent of Infinity, while he waits for the universe to
recreate itself. At the end of Kali Yuga, the present age, it is believed that
Lord Vishnu will descend in the form of the tenth and final avatar - as Kalki,
the warrior, riding upon a white horse. He will destroy ignorance, drive
invaders from India, and save the good from whom the people of the golden age,
the Satya Yuga will descend.
Lord Vishnu is said to
rest in the coils of Ananta, the great serpent of Infinity, while he waits for
the universe to recreate itself.
Refer to Indian Institute
of Scientific Heritage and Watch Carl Sagan and
Hindu cosmology – video
***
For more than a century European and American
scholars have held to the conclusion that Indian astronomy must somehow have
been borrowed from the Greeks following the invasion of Alexander the Great,
even though the Indians have no tradition of this, and Indian astronomy has a
form quite unlike Greek astronomy. This conclusion is supported by the
following facts: - there was extensive trade between India and the West during the Hellenistic period
- Indian astronomical science is united with a form of astrology very similar to that cultivated by the Greeks during the Hellenistic period
- there are no historical records or accurate chronology to substantiate the Indian's own traditions of the origin of their astronomical science
- These scholars concede that Hindu cosmological time cycles, the form around which Indian astronomy is built, are indigenous to Indian culture, but they believe them to be crude number speculations.
Eastern mysticism is also consistent with the results of quantum physics. The mystics have always rejected the idea of a hidden clocklike mechanism, sitting out there, independent of human observation. The number one truth is that reality does not consist of separate things, but is an indescribable, interconnected oneness. Each object of our normal experience is seen to be but a brief disturbance of a universal ocean of existence. Maya is the illusion that the phenomenal world of separate objects and people is the only reality. For the mystics this manifestation is real, but it is a fleeting reality; it is a mistake, although a natural one, to believe that maya represents a fundamental reality. Each person, each physical object, from the perspective of eternity is like a brief, disturbed drop of water from an unbounded ocean. The goal of enlightenment is to understand this--more precisely, to experience this: to see intuitively that the distinction between me and the universe is a false dichotomy. The distinction between consciousness and physical matter, between mind and body, is the result of an unenlightened perspective.
***
Ancient Indians already operated with a time span of astronomical proportions long before the earliest signs of natural science in ancient Greece. It is undeniable that ancient Indian texts present astonishingly exact scientific calculations even by today's latest scientific standards, such as the speed of light, exact size of the smallest particles and the age of the universe.
The Surya Siddhanta, a textbook on astronomy of ancient India - last compiled in 1000 BC, believed by Hindus to be handed down from 3000 BC by aid of complex mnemonic recital methods still known today - computed the earth's diameter to be 7,840 miles, the distance earth - moon as 253,000 miles. These compare to modern measurements resp. as 7,926.7 miles and 252,710 miles for max. dist. moon-earth.
Manu's texts in Sanskrit propounded evolution thousands of years before Lamarck & Darwin. "The first germ of life was developed by water and heat. Man will traverse the universe, gradually ascending and passing through the rocks, the plants, the worms, insects, fish, serpents, tortoises, wild animals, cattle, and higher animals. These are the transformations declared, from the plant to Brahma, which have to take place in the world."
Brihath Sathaka operates with divisions of the time of one day into:- 60 kalas or ghatika - 24 mins each. Subdivided into 60 vikala (24 secs.each) 60 para then into tatpara, then into vitatpara then into ima then into kasha.... the smallest unit, equal to approx. o.ooooooo3 of a second (one 300 millionth). This smallest unit (3 X 10 -8 second) is surprisingly close to the life-spans of certain mesons and hyperons, according to some Western physicist who was interviewed on the BBC World Service in the early 1990s.
The 14th century 'Rigveda of the Sun' (dated by manuscript age only), says that the sun covers 2,202 yoganas in half a mimesa - which calculates as 300,000 metres a second, fairly exactly the speed of light.
(source: Science, the Critical mind and Dissent - By Robert C Priddy).
Speed of Light:
One such book is the celebrated commentary on the Rig Veda by Sayana (c. 1315-1387), a minister in the court of King Bukka I of the Vijayanagar Empire in
South India. In his commentary on the 4th verse of the
hymn 1.50 of the Rig Veda on the sun, he says:
Tatha cha smaryate yojananam sahasre dve dve
shate dve cha yogane ekena nimishardhena kramamana namo ‘stu ta iti
Thus it is remembered: O Sun, bow to you, you who travers
2,202 yojanas in half a minute.
The Puranas define 1
nimesha to be equal to 16/75 seconds. 1 yojana is about 9 miles. Substituting
in Sayana’s statement we get 186,000 per second.
Sayana’s statement was printed in 1890 in the famous
edition of Rig Veda edited by Max Muller, the German Sanskritist . He claimed
to have used several three or four hundred year old manuscripts of Sayana’s
commentary, written much before the time of Romer. Further support for the
genuineness of the figure in the ancient book comes from one of the earliest
Puranas, the Vayu, conservatively dated to at least 1,500 years old. The Puranas speak of the creation and
destruction of the universe in cycles of 8.64 billion years, that is quite close
to currently accepted value regarding the time of the big bang.
(source: The Wishing Tree - By Subhash Kak p. 75 -
77).
***Shri 108 & Other Mysteries
The number 108 is very auspicious for Hindus. It is the number of beads of a rosary and of many other things in Indian cosmology. But why is this number considered to be holy?
The answer to this mystery may lie in the fact that the ancient Indians took this to be the distance between the earth and the sun in sun-diameter units and the distance between the earth and the moon in moon-diameter units.
Two facts that any book on astronomy will verify :
Distance between earth and moon = 108 times moon-diameter
Indian thought takes the outer cosmology to be mirrored in the inner cosmology of the human. Therefore, the number 108 is also taken to represent the 'distance' from the body of the devotee to the God within. The chain of 108 'links' is held together by 107 joints, which is the number of marmas, or weak spots, of the body in Ayurveda.
We can understand that the 108 beads of the rosary must map the steps between the body and the inner sun. The devotee, while saying beads, is making a symbolic journey from the physical body to the heavens.
108 is a number which
resonates throughout the universe, as this shows. There are also several other
numbers which are repeated throughout creation.
The reason why we do our mantra jap 108 times is because its a symbol of our journey towards our higher/spiritual self (sun) from our material self (earth).
The reason why we do our mantra jap 108 times is because its a symbol of our journey towards our higher/spiritual self (sun) from our material self (earth).
(source: Shri 108 &
Other Mysteries - By Subhash Kak - sulekha.com and The Cycle of Time).
'Hindu cosmology's
time-scale for the universe is in consonance with modern science'
The Rediff Special / Carl Sagan
http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/29sagan.htm
The Rediff Special / Carl Sagan
http://www.rediff.com/news/jan/29sagan.htm
This legend in his own lifetime was a first grade philosopher, poet, scientist and a splendid example of human greatness all rolled into one.
His true genius lay in the many esoteric philosophical and scientific endeavours which only specialists can really appreciate. But he became an instant pop science icon when he co-authored COSMOS, a television series devoted to astronomy and space exploration.
A part of that awesome series was shot in India. In the early eighties, Sagan met then Indian diplomat Placido P D'Souza and in a conversation explained the India connection and the relevance of Gandhi.
You have been host of the television programme COSMOS which deals with astronomy and science exploration. And yet India figured in this programme. Could you tell us how India fits into this series?
Let me first say something about the series in general, and something about the Indian part of the series. The television series COSMOS is designed to breach the barrier that many people feel about science. They cannot understand it, and it is foreign to them in approach and content. Our experience is that children grow up with an absolute zest and passion for science, and something happens to discourage some of them - sometimes many of them - from pursuing this interest.
We thought it was our job to excite the children, and reawaken the interest in science of adults. So we will use any approach to gain people's attention, and show them that science is something not just that they can understand, but that they can become excited about and can use as part of the way they view the world.
The series has been extraordinarily successful. It has been shown in a year or two in the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. I hope some day it will be shown in India. The tenth episode of COSMOS is largely about cosmology - the study of the universe in a perspective in which the Earth is like a grain to stand in vast beach or desert - and the way we approach the subject is through Hindu cosmology.
We have done that for several reasons. We went to Tamil Nadu for the festival called Pongal. Like festivals all over the world, it celebrates the changing of the seasons, and remind us that our ancestors were astronomers, who kept calendars and watched the skies. It was essential for extremely practical matters: when to sow seeds and to harvest grain. It was a matter of life and death to be an astronomer.
But the main reason that we oriented this episode of COSMOS towards India is because of that wonderful aspect of Hindu cosmology which first of all gives a time-scale for the Earth and the universe -- a time-scale which is consonant with that of modern scientific cosmology. We know that the Earth is about 4.6 billion years old, and the cosmos, or at least its present incarnation, is something like 10 or 20 billion years old. The Hindu tradition has a day and night of Brahma in this range, somewhere in the region of 8.4 billion years.
As far as I know. It is the only ancient religious tradition on the Earth which talks about the right time-scale. We want to get across the concept of the right time-scale, and to show that it is not unnatural. In the West, people have the sense that what is natural is for the universe to be a few thousand years old, and that billions is indwelling, and no one can understand it. The Hindu concept is very clear. Here is a great world culture which has always talked about billions of years.
Finally, the many billion year time-scale of Hindu cosmology is not the entire history of the universe, but just the day and night of Brahma, and there is the idea of an infinite cycle of births and deaths and an infinite number of universes, each with its own gods.
And this is a very grand idea. Whether it is true or not, is not yet clear. But it makes the pulse quicken, and we thought it was a good way to approach the subject.
And then the Chola bronzes in Tamil Nadu were very lovely to film, and gave us a visual approach to go along with the intellectual approach. It was also a way of de-provincialising our presentation. After all, we claim that science is an endeavor of the human species. To shoot the whole film in the United States or Western Europe would have been extremely provincial. We shot in Japan and 12 or 14 other countries, besides India. Let me also say that the subsidiary benefit for my wife and me is that we had a chance to visit India for the first time, and especially Tamil Nadu which we enjoyed enormously.
You mentioned the Chola bronzes and I see also that in your book COSMOS one of the chapters called 'The edge of forever' begins with a picture of Nataraja. Could you say something to explain its relevance in that chapter?
The traditional explanation of the Nataraja is that it symbolises the creation of the universe in one hand and the death of the universe in the other - the drum and the flame - and after all, that is what cosmology is all about. So in addition to being artistically exquisite, the Nataraja provides exactly the kind of symbolism that we wanted. The Nataraja that is photographed in the book COSMOS is in a museum in Pasadena, California, but it will be returned to India at some specified time within the next decade.
What were your general impressions about India?
I was absolutely delighted with Tamil Nadu. First of all, there was the sense of an intact cultural framework. I did not have the sense of people greatly alienated from their society - you certainly see a great deal of that in the West. I had a sense of people caring for each other, an intact social fabric, and technology coming along quite fast. Not just large industrial parks.
In a way what impressed me most was the widespread use of the bicycle, not only for carrying agricultural products and manufactures from one place to another, but also as a means for young people to visit neighbouring villages, and a sense of exuberant communication, because now people are not closed in a small village. They have a much wider range of places that they have access to.
We spent some time in Madras and in Bombay. But these were slow stages to get us to Tamil Nadu. We saw mainly tourist things which were certainly pleasant, but we did not have the sense of getting to know the people. We could have, but it did not work out that way, whereas in Tamil Nadu we got to know the people.
I will give you an example. Here we are at 6:30 or 7 in the morning - a group of us consisting of cameramen, soundmen, writers, directors, producers and me, who go marching single file by a pond in which there are lovely lily and lotus blossoms. Going to two small temples of the bull god (Nandi). A boy, less than 10 years old, saw us coming, looked at us, dove into the pond and came up near a lotus flower. He then swam back with it, climbed out of the pond, went up to my wife, gave her the lotus blossom and introduced himself, saying "Hello, my name is…" I forget what his name was. It was done with such elegance and charm and with no thought of reward, but just a sensibility which I found very impressive. Anyway we loved it. How colorful it was…
I must also say the sari is a kind of work of art, especially seeing hundreds of them all together. Also, women washing the saris gives a kind of swatch of color to the landscape… I thought it was wonderful… I had a sense of a healthy society. I didn't know to what extent this is characteristic or not, but I was very impressed and would love to have a chance to go back…
Well, you know you have a standing invitation to visit India…Was that your first visit?
Yes. I had been invited before by a number of people, including J B S Haldane, a British biologist in Bhubaneshwar. I knew him well in the last few years of his life. He even made me promise to visit him in Orissa, but he died before I had a chance to do so.
Watch Carl Sagan and Hindu cosmology – video
Did you know any other Indian scientists?
Oh, yes. I knew Vikram Sarabhai who spent a year at Cambridge, Massachusetts, when I was on the Harvard faculty. I was a student of the world-renowned astrophysicist Subramanian Chandrasekhar at the University of Chicago. An old friend from the graduate school days in Kameshwar Wali, now a Professor of Physics at Syracuse University. For 17 years a close colleague who has been working with me in laboratory experiments on the origins of life is Bishun Khare. So I had a succession of fairly close friendships with Indians. I have always felt some natural affinity, I suppose.
Have you seen the Gandhi film?
Yes. It well deserved the Academy awards. I though it was splendid on many different levels. One is the idea that there are ways for the people to move governments by unconventional approaches including civil disobedience - but not only civil disobedience - at a time when, in my view, the people of at least some countries have much more sensible views about the nuclear arms are than their governments. They can affect the policies of governments that seem to be slow-moving, intractable and riddled with a bureaucracy that is decades behind the times.
Also, the American civil rights, movement, of course, was powerfully influenced by the degree to which Martin Luther King, Jr admired Mohandas Gandhi, and I think that it is important for us, Americans, to remember that connection… of the time when events in India were relevant to events in the United States. That kind of thing seems to me to be extremely important.
It has been argued that this kind of movement is all right in a colonial situation and in very special circumstances, but when you have functioning democracies, is it valid to adopt what could be considered extra constitutional measures?
Right… or the opposite question: in a country like Nazi Germany, would civil disobedience have in any way been effective? Would the leaders of civil disobedience not have been executed and nothing would have changed? They are both good questions, and my answer is that the approach of Gandhiji is not precisely applicable in every political situation. However, the reminder that there are conventional ways of affecting the perceptions of masses of people on issues of the greatest importance is very important reminder.
In democracies - you talk about functioning democracies - there are traditions. For example, the approaches to the nuclear arms race are institutionalised, and progress is made very slowly. Armaments are increased easily, decreased with great difficulty, and people think about historical analogies of Munich in 1938 and so on without fully having come to grips with the fact that the invention of nuclear weapons has changed everything. And for that reason I think that something other than politics is necessary when all nations and the human species are faced with the extremely grave possibilities of a nuclear war.
I am not saying that civil disobedience is necessarily the answer. But one thing which was so impressive about Gandhiji was the way he was able to communicate to large numbers of people and to excite people's passion and courage. There was a great deal of courage needed to have followed him, especially in the early days of his movement.
I think something along those lines is needed worldwide if we are to break out of this impasse in the nuclear arms race.
Also, I thought the movie was beautifully filmed, and in many places, extremely moving. Maybe the most moving for me was the scene toward the end, in which Gandhiji says to the despairing man who has killed children in a riot: "I know a way out of hell". I found that an enormously moving approach to the problem, that the way for a Hindu, to make recompense for participating in the riots, is to raise a Muslim child as a Muslim and vice versa.
I thought it was a superb movie and well deserving of the acclaim it has gotten here and elsewhere.
It has certainly made an impact, and moved people to think about Gandhi and India. To the extent that it has made people think a little, it has served its purpose.
I agree, it demonstrates that extremely unconventional approaches are practical politics. Surely Gandhi has made major achievements in practical politics by methods that the British discounted immediately, and were proved wrong. It is good to remember that…
Placido P D'Souza is a former member of the Indian Foreign Service and currently editor of New India Digest.
Chidambaram
Chidambaram, the site of Shiva's cosmic dance, has been the center of Shaivite art and thought for over a millennium. Its great temple, built by successive southern Indian dynasties between the 8th and 12th centuries A.D. is dedicated to Shiva Nataraja, and is said to be the site of his legendary dance in the presence of his consort Parvati. Shiva's dancing icon resides in the Golden Hall, a symbol of the nucleus of the atom and of the center (bindu) of the universe. The Upanishads, Vedas, Puranas and other sacred Hindu texts are represented by parts of the temple complex, the temple as a whole standing for the totality of Hindu knowledge. Shiva's dance to Parvati is celebrated in a great festival in December.
Significance: Chidambaram is one of the most ancient and most celebrated of shrines in India. It is of great religious as well as historic and cultural significance. Chidambaram is associated with Nataraja, or Shiva in his Ananda Tandava pose (the Cosmic Dance of bliss) in the cosmic golden hall and the hall of consciousness (Chit Sabha). Shiva is also worshipped in the "formless form" of the Chidambara Rahasyam, while the temple is known for its Akasa Lingam, an embodiment of Shiva as the formless Space. The word "Koyil" or temple in the Tamil Saivite tradition refers to none other than the Chidambaram Nataraja temple.
Antiquity: The origins of this vast temple are buried in antiquity. Literature talks of a tradition of Shiva (Nataraja) worship in existence even as early as the Sangam period (very early on in the Christian era), and the Tamil Saints have sung its fame when an established worship tradition was in place. The later Chola Kings (Aditya I and Parantaka I) adorned the roof of the shrine with gold, and the other Chola Kings treated Nataraja as their guardian deity and made several endowments to the temple as temple inscriptions testify. The Pandya Kings who followed them, and the later Vijayanagar rulers made several endowments to the temple. There is a stone image of Krishnadevaraya in the North Gopura which he is said to have erected. In the wars of the 18th century, this temple was used as a fort, especially when the British General Sir Eyre Coote unsuccesfully tried to capture it from the Mysore Kings. During this period, the images of Nataraja and Sivakamasundari were housed in the Tiruvarur Tyagaraja temple for safety.
Muthuswamy Deekshitar, one of the foremost composers in the Karnatic Music tradition sings the glory of this temple in his kriti 'Ananda Natana Prakasam'. The Alwar Poems of the Naalayira Divya Prabandam sing the glory of Vishnu, whose image is also housed in this temple, and his shrine is referred to as 'Tiruchitrakootam'. Adi Sankara is said to have presented a Spatika Lingam which is still under worship in this temple. Sekkizhaar's Periya Puranam, describing poetically the life of the Saivite Saints (63 in number) was composed in the 1000 pillared hall, and was expounded by the author himself in the presence of the Chola emperor Kulottunga II, who had comissioned the work, amidts great festivity and fanfare.
Each of the four most revered Saivite Saints (Appar, Sundarar, Sambandar and Manikkavacakar) has worshipped at Chidambaram, and the bulk of Manikkavacakar's work is in praise of Shiva at Chidambaram. Accordingly, their images are placed in the temple entrances corresponding to their points of entry into the temple. (Sambandar - South, Appar - West, Sundarar - North and Manikkavacakar - East).
Legends associated with this temple:
Aadi Sesha, the serpent (couch) of Vishnu, heard from Vishnu the grandeur of Shiva's cosmic dance. Filled with irrepressable desire to witness this dance in person at Chidambaram, Seshan descended to the earth as Patanjali (the one who descended). Vyagrapaadar, another devotee of Shiva prayed to obtain the tiger's claws so that he could obtain with ease the sacred Vilva leaves meant for Shiva's worship at Chidambaram. At the appointed hour, Shiva (with Sivakami) granted to Patanjali and Vyagrapaadar, a visual treat in the form of his Cosmic Dance of Bliss, to the accompaniments of music played by several divine personalities in the Hindu pantheon. This Dance of Bliss is said to have been witnessed by Vishnu, and there is a Govindaraja shrine in the Natarajar temple commemorating this. The dance of bliss of Shiva, is also said to have been enacted upon Shiva's (Bhikshatana) victory over the married ascetics of Daruka Vanam.
Yet another legend, commemorating the dance duel between the doyens of dance Shiva and Kali is associated with Chidambaram. Shiva is said to have lifted his left foot towards the sky in the Urdhuva Tandava posture, a definite male gesture, which out of adherence to protocol, Kaali could not reciprocate, thereby causing Shiva to emerge victorious, delegating Kaali to the status of a primary deity in another temple in the outskirts of Chidambaram. This legend is portrayed in the Nritta Sabha, one of the halls within the Chidambaram temple.
There is another recent legend associated with this temple. The sacred Tamil works of the Nayanmaars had been missing for several years, and it was during the period of Raja Raja Chola (the builder of the Grand temple at Tanjavur) that formal research was initiated to trace these fine works of devotional literature. These works of the Saivite Saints - rich in musical content were recovered in a dilapidated state in one of the chambers in this vast temple, after the monarch brought images of the Saint trinity in procession to the temple.
In Hindu cosmology we are all manifestations of the divine, playing at life, forgetting, as children forget themselves in the middle of a game, that we are aspects of divinity at play. In the game, as in the delusions from which the Buddha of legend hoped to free the world, we experience ourselves as distinct personalities; to be liberated is to understand that the game, the personality, our individual suffering, are not the big picture. That we die and are reborn with each moment that passes. That death and birth are aspects of one another, just as creation and destruction are both embodied in Shiva, a single Hindu deity. That we are not separate from the great cosmic dance.
Did You Know
A Celtic Deity
Like their Indo-European Hindu counterparts, many of the
Celt's Deities are depicted in full lotus posture, as on this enamel piece. The
stylized swastika pattern on the chest is identical to Hindu versions. Even the
vocabulary is amazingly similar. The following are just a few examples:
Sanskrit Old Irish
arya (freeman) aire (noble)
naib(good) noeib
(holy)
badhira (deaf) bodhar
(deaf)
names
(respect) nemed (respect)
raja (king) righ
(king)
The ancient Irish law
system, The Laws of the Fenechus, is closely parallel to the Laws of Manu.
Advance Concept
According to Raja Ram Mohan Roy, author of Vedic Physics, "The knowledge contained in the Vedas is very abstruse, and is well beyond the comprehension of ordinary human beings. Therefore Vedic sages coded the knowledge in a simple form in which it could be understood by everyone. The Rig Veda itself testifies that it has a hidden meaning in verse 4.3.16. Sage Bharata in his Natyasastra 2.23 refers to the sages who knew the hidden meaning of the Vedas. This coding of knowledge proved to be very successful in disseminating the knowledge to common folks. This would also explain why extraordinary steps were taken to preserve the Vedas, and the honor given to the Vedas by Hindus, even though its meaning is little understood today. "On the eve of the "Mahabharata War" our ancestors believed that their knowledge was in danger of being lost. They could have written it down, but writings could be destroyed. Therefore, it was memorized and passed on orally. Today, the Avesta, religious scripture of ancient Iranians, only a fraction of it is available. Alexander captured Iran in 326 B.C. and after a bloody war, destroyed each copy of the Avesta available."
As in modern physics, Hindu cosmology envisaged the universe as having a cyclical nature. The end of each kalpa brought about by Shiva's dance is also the beginning of the next. Rebirth follows destruction.
Author Dick Teresi says "Indian cosmologists, the first to estimate the age of the earth at more than 4 billion years. They came closest to modern ideas of atomism, quantum physics, and other current theories. India developed very early, enduring atomist theories of matter. Possibly Greek atomistic thought was influenced by India, via the Persian civilization."
Introduction
Grandiose time scales
Hinduism’s understanding of time is as grandiose as time
itself. While most cultures base their cosmologies on familiar units such as
few hundreds or thousands of years, the Hindu concept of time embraces billions
and trillions of years. The Puranas
describe time units from the infinitesimal
truti, lasting 1/1,000,0000 of a second to a mahamantavara of 311 trillion
years. Hindu sages describe time as cyclic, an endless procession of
creation, preservation and dissolution. Scientists such as Carl Sagan have
expressed amazement at the accuracy of space and time descriptions given by the
ancient rishis and saints, who fathomed the secrets of the universe through
their mystically awakened senses.
(source: Hinduism
Today April/May/June 2007 p. 14).
Friedrich Maximilian Müeller (1823-1900) German philologist and Orientalist. He
repeatedly drew attention to the uniqueness of the Vedas and awakened interest
in his book In History of Ancient
Sanskrit Literature' (p. 557) observed: " In the Rig-Veda we shall have before us more real antiquity than in all the inscriptions of Egypt or Ninevah....the Veda is the oldest book in existence...."
Louis Jacolliot (1837-1890), who worked in French India as a government official and was at one time President of the Court in Chandranagar, translated numerous Vedic hymns, the Manusmriti, and the Tamil work, Kural His masterpiece, La Bible dans l'Inde, stirred a storm of controversy. He praised the Vedas in his Sons of God, and said,:
"The Hindu revelation, which proclaims the slow and gradual formation of worlds, is of all revelations the only one whose ideas are in complete harmony with modern science. "
Jacolliot feels India has given to the West much more than she is credited with when he says:
" Besides the discoverers of geometry and algebra, the constructors of human speech, the parents of philosophy, the primal expounders of religion, the adepts in psychological and physical science, how even the greatest of our biological and theologians seem dwarfed! Name of us any modern discovery, and we venture to say that Indian history need not long be searched before the prototype will be found on record. Here we are with the transit of science half accomplished, and all our Vedic ideas in process of readjustment to the theories of force correlation, natural selection, atomic polarity and evolution. And here, to mock our conceit, our apprehension, and our despair, we may read what Manu said, perhaps 10,000 years before the birth of Christ:
' The first germ of life was developed by water and heat.' (Manusmriti - Book I, sloka 8,9)
' Water ascends towards the sky in vapors; from the sun it descends in rain, from the rains are born the plants, and from the plants, animals.' (Manusmriti - Book III, sloka 76)
(source: Krishna and Christ - By Louis Jacolliot p. 15).
Sir John Woodroffe (1865-1936) the well known scholar, Advocate-General of Bengal and sometime Legal Member of the Government of India. He served with competence for eighteen years and in 1915 officiated as Chief Justice. He has said:
"Ages before Lamarck and Darwin it was held in India that man has passed through 84 lakhs (8,400,000) of birth as plants, animals, as an "inferior species of man" and then as the ancestor of the developed type existing to-day. The theory was not, like modern doctrine of evolution, based wholly on observation and a scientific enquiry into fact but was a rather (as some other matters) an act of brilliant intuition in which observation may also have had some part."
(source: Is India Civilized - Essays on Indian Culture - By Sir John Woodroffe Ganesh & Co. Publishers Date of Publication: 1922 p. 22).
"To the philosophers of India, however, Relativity is no new discovery, just as the concept of light years is no matter for astonishment to people used to thinking of time in millions of kalpas, (A kalpa is about 4,320,000 years). The fact that the wise men of India have not been concerned with technological applications of this knowledge arises from the circumstance that technology is but one of innumerable ways of applying it."
It is, indeed, a remarkable circumstance that when Western civilization discovers Relativity it applies it to the manufacture of atom-bombs, whereas Oriental civilization applies it to the development of new states of consciousness."
(source: Spiritual Practices of India - By Frederic Spiegelberg Introduction by Alan Watts p. 8-9).
Lord Vishnu is said to
rest in the coils of Ananta, the great serpent of Infinity, while he waits for
the universe to recreate itself.
"he falls back
upon the earliest and greatest of Revelations, those of the Sacred Books of
India with a Cosmogony which no European conception has ever
surpassed."
"While the West
was still thinking, perhaps, of 6,000 years old universe – India was already
envisioning ages and eons and galaxies as numerous as the sands of the Ganges.
The Universe so vast that modern astronomy slips into its folds without a
ripple.”
(image source: Under Western Eyes - By Balachandra Rajan).
Count Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949) was a Belgian writer of poetry, a wide variety of essays. He won the 1911 Nobel Prize for literature. In his book Mountain Paths, says:
"he falls back upon the earliest and greatest of Revelations, those of the Sacred Books of India with a Cosmogony which no European conception has ever surpassed."
(source: Mountain Paths - By Maurice Maeterlinck).
Mr. Thorton, in his book History of British India, states: " Hindus are indisputably entitled to rank among the most ancient of existing nations, as well as among those most early and most rapidly civilized....ere yet the Pyramids looked down upon the Valley of the Nile... when Greece and Italy, these cradles of modern civilization, housed only the tenants of the wilderness, India was the seat of wealth and grandeur..."
(source: Proof of Vedic Culture's Global Existence - By Stepehn Knapp p. 7).
Dr. Carl Sagan in his book Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science, remarks:
"Immanuel Velikovsky (the
author of Earth in Upheaval) in
his book Worlds in Collision, notes that the idea of four
ancient ages terminated by catastrophe is common to Indian as well as to
Western sacred writing.
However, in the Bhagavad Gita and in
the Vedas,
widely divergent numbers of such ages, including an infinity of them, are
given; but, more interesting, the duration of the ages between major
catastrophes is specified as billions of years. .. "
"The idea that scientists or theologians, with our
present still puny understanding of this vast and awesome cosmos, can
comprehend the origins of the universe is only a little less silly than the
idea that Mesopotamian astronomers of 3,000 years ago – from whom the ancient
Hebrews borrowed, during the Babylonian captivity, the cosmological accounts in
the first chapter of Genesis – could have understood the origins of the
universe. We simply do not know.
The Hindu holy book,
the Rig Veda
(X:129), has a much more realistic view
of the matter:
“Who knows for certain? Who shall here declare it?
Whence was it born, whence came creation?
The gods are later than this world’s formation;
Who then can know the origins of the world?
None knows whence creation arose;
And whether he has or has not made it;
He who surveys it from the lofty skies,
Only he knows- or perhaps he knows not."
Despite the dawn of Enlightenment and advent
of modern science, the Semitic religions have still not matured enough to
respect, tolerate and understand a simple notion that “All paths lead to
the same summit (God).”Whence was it born, whence came creation?
The gods are later than this world’s formation;
Who then can know the origins of the world?
None knows whence creation arose;
And whether he has or has not made it;
He who surveys it from the lofty skies,
Only he knows- or perhaps he knows not."
Huston Smith ( ? ) born in China to Methodist
missionaries, a philosopher, most eloquent writer, world-famous religion
scholar who practices Hatha Yoga. He has said in Hinduism:
“The invisible excludes nothing, the invisible that
excludes nothing is the infinite – the soul of India is the infinite.”
“Philosophers tell us that the Indians were the first ones
to conceive of a true infinite from which nothing is excluded. The West shied away from this notion.
The West likes form, boundaries that distinguish and demarcate. The trouble is
that boundaries also imprison – they restrict and confine.”
“India saw this
clearly and turned her face to that which has no boundary or
whatever.” “India anchored her soul in the infinite seeing the things of
the world as masks of the infinite assumes – there can be no end to these
masks, of course. If they express a true infinity.” And It is here that India’s
mind boggling variety links up to her infinite soul.”
“India includes so much because her soul being infinite
excludes nothing.” It goes without saying that the universe that India saw
emerging from the infinite was stupendous.”
While the West was
still thinking, perhaps, of 6,000 years old universe – India was already
envisioning ages and eons and galaxies as numerous as the sands of the Ganges.
The Universe so vast that modern astronomy slips into its folds without a
ripple.”
(source: The Mystic's Journey - India and the Infinite: The Soul of a People – By Huston Smith).
Nancy Wilson Ross
(1901 -1986) made her first trip to Japan,
China, Korea and India in 1939. She was the author of several books including The World of Zen and Time's Left Corner. Miss Ross lectured
on Zen Buddhism at the Jungian Institute in Zurich. She served on the board of
the Asia Society of New York
which was founded by John D. Rockefeller III since its founding in 1956 and was
on the governing board of the India Council. In private life she was known as
Mrs. Stanley Young.
She has written:
"Anachronistic as this labyrinthine mythology may
appear to the foreign mind, many of
India’s ancient theories about the universe are startlingly modern in scope and
worthy of a people who are credited with the invention of the zero, as well as
algebra and its application of astronomy and geometry; a people who so
carefully observed the heavens that, in the opinion of Monier-Williams, they
determined the moon’s synodical revolution much more correctly than the Greeks."
" Many hundreds
of years before those great European pioneers, Galileo and Copernicus, had to
pay heavy prices in ridicule and excommunication for their daring theories, a
section of the Vedas known as the Brahmanas contained this astounding
statement:
“The sun never sets or rises. When people think the sun is
setting, he only changes about after reaching the end of the day and makes
night below and day to what is on the other side. Then, when people think he rises
in the morning, he only shifts himself about after reaching the end of the day
night, and makes day below and night to what is on the other side. In truth, he
does not see at all.”
"The Indians,
whose theory of time, is not linear like ours – that is, not proceeding
consecutively from past to present to future – have always been able to accept,
seemingly without anxiety, the notion of an alternately expanding and
contracting universe, an idea recently advanced by certain Western scientists.
In Hindu cosmology, immutable Brahman, at fixed intervals, draws back into his
beginningless, endless Being the whole substance of the living world. There
then takes place the long “sleep” of Brahaman from which, in course of
countless aeons, there is an awakening, and another universe or “dream”
emerges. "
"This notion
of the sleeping and waking, or contracting and expanding, of the Life Force, so
long a part of Hindu cosmology, has recently been expressed in relevant terms
in an article written for a British scientific journal by Professor Fred Hoyle,
Britain’s foremost astronomer. "
"Plainly,
contemporary Western science’s description of an astronomical universe of such
vast magnitude that distances must be measured in terms as abstract as
light-years is not new to Hinduism whose wise men, millennia ago, came up with
the term kalpa to signify the inconceivable duration of the period elapsing
between the beginning and end of a world system.
It is clear that
Indian religious cosmology is sharply at variance with that inherited by
Western peoples from the Semites. On the
highest level, when stripped of mythological embroidery, Hinduism’s conceptions of space, time and
multiple universes approximate in range and abstraction the most advanced
scientific thought.
(source: Three Ways of Asian Wisdom – By Nancy Wilson Ross p. 64 - 67 and 74 - 76).
Dick Teresi
( ? ) author and coauthor of several books
about science and technology, including The God Particle. He is cofounder of Omni magazine and has written for Discover, The New
York Times Magazine, and The Atlantic Monthly.
"The big bang is the biggest-budget universe ever,
with mind-boggling numbers to dazzle us – a technique pioneered by
fifth-century A.D. Indian cosmologists,
the first to estimate the age of the earth at more than 4 billion years.
The cycle of creation and destruction continues forever,
manifested in the Hindu deity Shiva,
Lord of the Dance, who holds the drum that sounds the universe’s
creation in his right hand and the flame that, billions of years later, will
destroy the universe in his left. Meanwhile Brahma is but one of untold numbers
of other gods dreaming their own universes.
The 8.64 billion years that mark a full day-and-night
cycle in Brahma’s life is about half the modern estimate for the age of the
universe. The ancient Hindus believed that each Brahma day and each Brahma
night lasted a kalpa, 4.32 billion years, with 72,000 kalpas equaling a Brahma
century, 311,040 billion years in all. That the Hindus could conceive of the
universe in terms of billions.
The similarities between Indian and modern cosmology do
not seem accidental. Perhaps ideas of creation from nothing, or alternating
cycles of creation and destruction are hardwired in the human psyche. Certainly
Shiva’s percussive drumbeat
suggests the sudden energetic impulse that could have propelled the big bang.
And if, as some theorists have proposed, the big bang is merely the prelude to
the big crunch and the universe is caught in an infinite cycle of expansion and
contraction, then ancient Indian cosmology is clearly cutting edge compared to
the one-directional vision of the big bang. The infinite number of Hindu universes is currently called the many world
hypothesis, which is no less undocumentable nor unthinkable.
The Indians came
closest to modern ideas of atomism, quantum physics, and other current
theories. India developed very
early, enduring atomist theories of matter. Possibly Greek atomistic thought
was influenced by India, via the Persian civilization. The Rig-Veda, is the first Indian literature to set down ideas resembling
universal natural laws. Cosmic law is connected with cosmic light, with gods,
and, later, specifically with Brahman. It was the Vedic Aryans...
who gave the world some of the earliest philosophical texts on the makeup of
matter and the theoretical underpinnings for the chemical makeup of minerals.
Sanskrit Vedas from thousands of years before Christ implied that matter could
not be created, and that the universe had created itself. Reflecting this, in
his Vaiseshika philosophy, Kanada (600 B. C) claimed that
elements could not be destroyed. Kanada's life is somewhat a mysterious, but
his name is said to mean "one who eats particle or grain" likely
referring to his theory that basic particles mix together as the building
blocks for all matter. Two, three, four, or more of these elements would
combine, just as we conceive of atoms doing. The Greeks would not stumble on
this concept for another century."
"In India, we see the beginning of theoretical
speculation of the size and nature of the earth. Some one thousand years before
Aristotle, the Vedic Aryans
asserted that the earth was round and circled the sun. A translation of the Rig Veda goes: " In the
prescribed daily prayers to the Sun we find..the Sun is at the center of the
solar system. ..The student ask, "What is the nature of the entity that
holds the Earth? The teacher answers, "Rishi Vatsa holds the view
that the Earth is held in space by the Sun."
"Two thousand years before Pythagoras, philosophers in northern India had
understood that gravitation held the solar system together, and that therefore
the sun, the most massive object, had to be at its center." "Twenty-four
centuries before Isaac Newton, the Hindu Rig-Veda asserted that gravitation held the universe together. The
Sanskrit speaking Aryans subscribed to the idea of a spherical earth in an era
when the Greeks believed in a flat one. The Indians of the fifth century A.D.
calculated the age of the earth as 4.3 billion years; scientists in 19th
century England were convinced it was 100 million years."
(source: Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science - By
Dick Teresi p. 159 and 174 -212). For more refer to chapter Hindu Cosmology).
Mark Morford is an award-winning columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle.
He has recently observed
that:
"I believe the
Earth actually (and obviously) resonates, quite literally, with the Hindu
belief in the divine sound of OM (or more accurately, AUM), that single,
universal syllable that contains and encompasses all: birth and death, creation
and destruction, being and nothingness.."
(source: Scientists Say The
Earth Is Humming Not just noise, but a deep, astonishing music. Can you hear
it? - By Mark Morford - rense.com).
India had a thriving civilization capable of
sophisticated astronomy long before Greece, Egypt, or any other world culture.
For more than a century scholars have debated the antiquity of the Vedas and
their related literature, the Brahmanas and Puranas. Incontrovertible evidence
that such "advanced" astronomical concepts as precession,
heliocentrism, and the eclipse cycle are encoded in these ancient texts,
passages of which make perfect sense only if these astronomical keys are known.
Based on internal evidence in the Mahabharata and Ramayana, it is likely
to establish dates--and even places--for the events described in these famous
epics and thus place India, or the roots of civilization.A Rg Vedic hymn to the Asvins (Mercury and Venus), quoted in the Mahabharata, also refers to the twelve zodiacal signs. Zodiacal signs are mentioned in the Rig Veda, thus, they precede Greco-Babylonian astronomy. The earliest reference to the zodiacal signs is, therefore, in the Rig Veda, not in Babylonian literature. This completely upsets the rather smug history of astronomy as conceived by the western scholars of the past couple of centuries. It is obvious that the Rig Vedic seers were not mere observers in the sense the Babylonian were. They had theorized about their observations, beating the Greeks by over a thousand years in this process.
By deciphering the astronomical events and alignments contained in symbolic form in these ancient texts, question many if not all of the assumptions governing Indo-European prehistory. The astronomical significance of many Hindu deities, the system of lunar asterisms used to mark time, the identity of the Asvins, and the sophisticated calendar of the ancients that harmonized solar and lunar cycles.
With the rise of modern science it should have been feasible to crack the Vedic code at least three decades earlier, but here lies the greatest tragedy of India. Under the Marxist grip Indian intellectuals have been made ashamed of their heritage, and most educated Hindus are ready to parade with the banner " We are ashamed of being Hindus" at the drop of a hat. Most educated Indians - including scientists have no clue as to what is in the Vedas. The Vedas are written in Sanskrit and most educated Indians can not understand it as there is a conspiracy to finish Sanskrit and everything else that Hindus should be proud of. There are very few Vedic scholars left in India.
Vedic India and the Primordial Tradition
Vishnunabhi is the navel of Lord Vishnu, the emanation point of the cosmos.
According to John
Major Jenkins, a leading independent researcher of ancient cosmology:
"Our understanding of the true age of the
ancient Vedic civilization has undergone a well-documented revolution. Feuerstein, Frawley, and Kak have
shown conclusively (In Search of the Cradle of Civilization) that the long-accepted
age of the Vedic culture—erroneously dated by scholars parading a series of
assumptions and unscientific arguments to roughly 1500 BC—is much too recent.
Evidence comes from geological, archaeological, and literary sources as well as
the astronomical references within Vedic literature. The corrected dating to
eras far prior to 1500 BC was made possible by recognizing that precessional
eras are encoded in Vedic mythology, and were recorded by ancient Vedic
astronomers. As a result, the Indus Valley civilization appears to be a
possible cradle of civilization, dated conservatively to 7000 BC.
Western
India may thus be a true source of the civilizing impulse that fed Anatolia in
Turkey, with its complex Goddess-worshipping city-states of Çatal Hüyük and
Hacilar. However, there are
layers upon layers of even older astronomical references, and legends persist
that the true “cradle” might be found further to the north, in Tibet or nearby
Central Asia.
The work of these three writers shows that biases and
assumptions within scholarly discourse can prevent an accurate modeling of
history and an underestimation of the accomplishments of ancient cultures. The
analogous situation in modern Egyptology and Mesoamerican studies also requires
that well-documented new theories — often exhaustively argued, interdisciplinary,
and oriented toward a progressive synthesis of new data — should be appraised
fairly and without bias.
Next to the Australian
aborigines, the Vedic civilization is perhaps the oldest continuous living
tradition in the world. Its extremely ancient doctrines and insights into human
spirituality are unsurpassed. We might expect that its cosmology and science of
time has been as misunderstood as its true antiquity. In looking closely at
Vedic doctrines of time, spiritual growth, calendars, and astronomy, we will
see that a central core idea is that of our periodic alignment to the Galactic
Center. And, according to these ancient Vedic beliefs, the galactic alignment
we are currently experiencing heralds our shift from a millennia-long descent
of deepening spiritual darkness to a new era of light and ascending
consciousness. "
He has written most eloquently about Hinduism's open source and staggering contribution to the our spiritual world:
"Modern-day atheists, however, have come to assume that if one is “rational” or “scientific” it means that one does not believe in god. Victims of the western Church-Science split, these atheist casualties are so spooked by the atrocities of religious power structure that they are unable to do any serious study of the history of human thought on God."
"Any two-bit religious scholar knows that Buddhists and Hindus count time in Kalpas, or segments of millions of years, and that they firmly believe the earth was created billions of years ago. There are many prominent Hindu scholars, in fact, who posit that some of the best loved Hindu legends from the Mahabharata and the Ramayana are in fact tales from Neanderthal times."
"Indian history, for example, contains a vast body of incredibly sophisticated scientific/academic literature on god, concepts of god, consciousness at it relates to god, the human body and human thoughts and emotions in relation to god… and, in the case of Kashmiri Shaivism for example, quantum physics as it relates to god. The concept of spanda in Kashmiri cosmology is one of the most intellectually complex and sophisticated views on divinity ever put forth. Abhinavagupta — the brilliant architect of much of Indian thought– penned theistic texts over 1,000 years ago that contain scientific truths that physicists are just now confirming."
(source: The God Project: Hinduism as Open-Source Faith - By Josh Schrei - huffingtonpost.com and Christopher Hitchens is absurd - By Josh Schreiy).
Philip Goldberg ( ) is a spiritual counselor, Interfaith Minister, and author or coauthor of numerous books, including Roadsigns on the Spiritual Path. His latest work, American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation How Indian Spirituality Changed the West.
He has observed:
"Their ancient philosophies have also influenced physicists, among them Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg and J. Robert Oppenheimer, who read from the Bhagavad Gita at a memorial service for President Franklin D. Roosevelt. "
"In his landmark TV series Cosmos, Carl Sagan called Hinduism the only religion whose time-scale for the universe matches the billions of years documented by modern science. Sagan filmed that segment in a Hindu temple featuring a statue of the god Shiva as the cosmic dancer, an image that now stands in the plaza of the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva."
"Western religions would do well to emulate this history. Their historical and faith-based claims conflict with empirical science and probably always will; but to the extent that their practices directly impact human life, they can be treated as testable hypotheses."
"Ages ago, the vast subcontinent of India birthed explorers and innovators who focused on the inner realm. Those geniuses - spiritual sages or scientists of consciousness, depending on your perspective - gave us, through a series of modern translators and adapters, insights that have profoundly influenced religion, healthcare, psychology, the arts and other areas of life. The way we understand ourselves and the universe has been shaped by India more than we can readily appreciate.
(source: Are Eastern Religions More Science-Friendly? - By Philip Goldberg - huffingtonpost.com and Obama should have thanked India - By Philip Golberg - huffingtonpost.com).
Jeffrey Armstrong ( ? ) worked as a sales manager with Apple Computer for six years and who shares his passion for all things Indian and has founded an educational institute called the Vedic Academy of Science and Arts (VASA), is now working on creating a permanent library of Hindu and Vedic culture in Vancouver.
"Indians of pre-modern history calculated the age of the universe in trillions of years.
This is also the culture that gave us zero, the numerals that we use – so-called Arabic have their roots in India – as do trigonometry and calculus, astronomical calculation and a view that says the universe is not only billions, but trillions of years in age and that we are eternal beings who are simply visiting the material world to have the experience of being here.
So, the point is, India holds a massive cosmological view of us – and that humans have existed for trillions of years, in varying stages of existence. And further, over time humans will continue to populate the many universes again and again.
There is a lot of evidence that ancient Indian civilization was global and as I mentioned many were seafaring and using extremely accurate astronomical, heliocentric calculations for both Earth and celestial motions, indicating an understanding that the Sun is at the center of the solar system and that the Earth is round. Elliptical orbits were also calculated for all moving celestial bodies. The findings are remarkable. What India calculated thousands of years ago, for example the wobble of the Earth's axis, which creates the movement called precession of the equinoxes – the slowly changing motion that completes one cycle every 25,920 years – has only recently been validated by modern science.
The cosmology of India describes our universe as having fourteen parallel realities on multiple levels, all existing and intersecting within the material realm in which we are currently living.
Was this knowledge given to them by divine beings as they claim? Was there inter-galactic travel? Did the people in India have contact with beings or knowledge from other planets? We don't know, but what is certain is that they had mathematical/astronomical understanding that is extremely precise and agrees with many of the results of astronomy today. There is no other way to explain why India and these ancient cultures would have such precise knowledge other than the fact that they were in a period of impressive technology and culture beyond our present understanding."
(source: Jeffrey Armstrong on the Mysteries of Indian Culture, the Relevance of Hindu Vedas and the Reality of Ancient Flying Machines - thedailybell.com).
Alexander Gorbovsky (1930 - 2003) an expert at the Russian Munitions Agency has written:
“The Mahabharata - an
ancient Indian epic compiled 3000 years ago - contains a reference to a
terrible weapon. Regrettably, in our age of the atomic bomb, the description of
this weapon exploding will not appear to be an exaggeration:
".... a blazing shaft possessed of the effulgence of a
smokeless fire (was) let off...'. That was how this weapon was perceived. The
consequences of its use also evoke involuntary associations. '... This makes
the bodies of the dead unidentifiable. ... The survivors lose their nails and
hair, and their food becomes unfit for eating. For several subsequent years the Sun, the stars and the sky remain
shrouded with clouds and bad weather'.
"This weapon was known as the Weapon of Brahma or the
Flame of Indra......".
(source: Riddles of Ancient History - Alexander Gorbovsky, The Sputnik Magazine,
Moscow, Sept. 1986, p. 137).
Vishnunabhi: Yugas and
Galactic Center
One of the oldest writings in Vedic literature comes from
a pseudo-historical god-man called Manu. René Guénon pointed out that Manu belongs to a family of related
archetypal figures, which include Melchezidek, Metatron, St Michael, Gabriel,
and Enoch. As an angelic inspiration for the rebirth of humanity at the dawn of
a new era, or Manvantara, Manu is the primal law-giver, and his laws were recorded in the extremely
ancient Vedic text called the Laws of Manu. Much of its contents
describe moral and ethical codes of right behavior, but there is a section that
deals with the ancient Vedic doctrine
of World Ages - the Yugas. Manu indicates that a period of 24,000 years
— clearly a reference to precession — consists of a series of four yugas or
ages, each shorter and spiritually darker than the last. In one story this process of increasing
limitation is envisioned as a cosmic cow standing with each leg in one quarter
of the world; with each age that passes a leg is lost, resulting in the absurd
and unstable world we live in today—a cow balancing on one leg.
According to the information in the Laws of Manu, the
morning and twilight periods between the dawn of each new era equals one-tenth
of its associated yuga, as shown in the following table:
Dawn Era Dusk Total Name
400 + 4000 + 400 = 4800 years. Satya Yuga (Golden Age)
300 + 3000 + 300 = 3600 years. Treta Yuga (Silver Age)
200 + 2000 + 200 = 2400 years. Dwapara Yuga (Bronze Age)
100 + 1000 + 100 = 1200 years. Kali Yuga (Iron Age)
12,000 years
300 + 3000 + 300 = 3600 years. Treta Yuga (Silver Age)
200 + 2000 + 200 = 2400 years. Dwapara Yuga (Bronze Age)
100 + 1000 + 100 = 1200 years. Kali Yuga (Iron Age)
12,000 years
In
Vedic mythology, a fabled dawn time existed in the distant past, when human
beings had direct contact with the divine intelligence emanating from
Brahma—the seat of creative power and intelligence in the cosmos. This archaic
Golden Age (the Satya Yuga) lasted some 4800 years. After the Golden Age ended,
humanity entered a denser era, that of the Silver Age, lasting only 3600 years.
In this age, humanity’s connection with the source was dimmed, and sacrifices
and spiritual practices became necessary to preserve it. The Bronze Age followed, and humanity forgot
its divine nature. Empty dogmas arose, along with indulgence in materialism.
Next we entered the Kali Yuga—in
which we remain today—where the human spirit suffers under gross materialism,
ignorance, warfare, stupidity, arrogance, and everything contrary to our divine
spiritual potential.
As
the teachings tell, Kali, the creator-destroyer Goddess, will appear at the end
of Kali Yuga to sweep away the wasted detritus of a spirit-dead humanity,
making way for a new cycle of light and peace. Notice that the Manu text takes
us from a pinnacle of light to the ultimate end-point of the process—the
darkness of Kali Yuga. And notice that the four ages, when the overlap period
is added, amounts to only half of the 24,000-year period of the Vedic Yuga
cycle.
(source: Galactic Alignment - By John Major Jenkins).
The Indian astronomers
went even further, giving a physical reason for how the dual star or binary
motion might allow the rise and fall of human consciousness to occur. They said
that the Sun (with the Earth and other planets) traveled along its set orbital
path with its companion start, it would cyclically move close to, then away
from, a point in space referred to as Vishnunabhi, a supposed magnetic center or "grand
center".
The Indian astronomers
went even further, giving a physical reason for how the dual star or binary motion
might allow the rise and fall of human consciousness to occur. They said that the Sun (with the Earth and other planets) traveled
along its set orbital path with its companion start, it would cyclically move
close to, then away from, a point in space referred to as Vishnunabhi, a
supposed magnetic center or "grand center". They implied that being close to this region caused subtle
changes in human consciousness that brought about the Golden Age, and
conversely, our separation from it resulted in an age of great darkness, the
Kali Yuga or Dark Age. "When the Sun in its revolution around its dual
comes to the place nearest to this grand center, ... (an event which takes
place when the autumnal equinox comes to the first point of Aries), dharma, the
mental virtue, becomes so much developed that man can easily comprehend all,
even the mysteries of the Spirit."
(source: Lost Star of Myth
and Time - By Walter Cruttenden). Also refer to Hamlet's Mill - By Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von
Dechend.
Advanced Scientific
Concepts in Hindu Literature The revolutionary contents of the Vedas
For a quick glimpse at what unsung surprises may lie in the Vedas, let us consider these renditions from the Yajur-veda and Atharva-veda, for instance.
" O disciple, a student in the science of government,
sail in oceans in steamers, fly in the
air in airplanes, know God the creator through the Vedas, control thy
breath through yoga, through astronomy know the functions of day and night,
know all the Vedas, Rig, Yajur, Sama and Atharva, by means of their constituent
parts."
" Through
astronomy, geography, and geology, go thou to all the different countries of
the world under the sun. Mayest thou attain through good preaching to
statesmanship and artisanship, through medical science obtain knowledge of all
medicinal plants, through hydrostatics learn the different uses of water,
through electricity understand the working of ever lustrous lightening. Carry
out my instructions willingly." (Yajur-veda 6.21).
" O royal skilled engineer, construct sea-boats, propelled
on water by our experts, and airplanes, moving and flying upward, after the
clouds that reside in the mid-region, that fly as the boats move on the sea,
that fly high over and below the watery clouds. Be thou, thereby, prosperous in
this world created by the Omnipresent God, and flier in both air and
lightning." (Yajur-veda
10.19).
" The atomic
energy fissions the ninety-nine elements, covering its path by the bombardments
of neutrons without let or hindrance. Desirous of stalking the head, ie. The
chief part of the swift power, hidden in the mass of molecular adjustments of
the elements, this atomic energy approaches it in the very act of fissioning it
by the above-noted bombardment. Herein, verily the scientists know the similar
hidden striking force of the rays of the sun working in the orbit of the
moon." (Atharva-veda 20.41.1-3).
(source: Searching for Vedic India - By Devamitra Swami p. 155 -
157). For more refer to chapter on Hindu Culture and Vimanas).The Rig Veda is the oldest Indian text and one of the oldest surviving in the world.
This collection of hymns of sages like Vasistha, Visvamitra, Agastya, Dirghatmas, and others was compiled over a span of a few hundred years. The verses of the Rig Veda form a code that, properly interpreted, reveals an amazing amount of astronomical knowledge, which is unbelievable when we consider their antiquity - 1500 B. C. being a conservative estimate. In fact, the Rig Veda shorn of its allegory and metaphorical camouflage, is the oldest textbook of modern astronomy.
The
Rig Veda is according to astronomical grounds, more than five thousand years
old. The verses of the Rig Veda form a code that, properly interpreted, reveals
an amazing amount of astronomical knowledge, which is unbelievable when we
consider their antiquity - 1500 B. C. being a conservative estimate. In fact,
the Rig Veda shorn of its allegory and metaphorical camouflage, is the oldest
textbook of modern astronomy.
Sphericity of Earth:
The existence of rather advanced concepts like the
sphericity of Earth and the cause of seasons is quite clear in Vedic
literature. For example, the Aitareya
Brahmana (3.44) declares:
“The Sun does never set nor rise. When people
think the Sun is setting (it is not so). For after having arrived at the end of
the day it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making night to what is
below and day to what is on the other side…Having reached the end of the night,
it makes itself produce two opposite effects, making day to what is below and
night to what is on the other side. In fact, the Sun never sets….”
Earth as Flat at
Poles:
"Twenty-four centuries before Isaac Newton, the Hindu
Rig-Veda asserted that gravitation held the universe together. The Sanskrit
speaking Aryans subscribed to the idea of a spherical earth in an era when the
Greeks believed in a flat one. The Indians of the fifth century A.D. calculated
the age of the earth as 4.3 billion years; scientists in 19th century England
were convinced it was 100 million years."
(source: Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science - By
Dick Teresi p. 7 - 8).
It is quite remarkable that the Markandeya Purana (54.12) speaks of Earth as being flattened at
the poles and bulging at the equator, that is, not perfectly spherical.
The Vishnu Purana,
in an obvious elaboration of the above quotation from the Aitareya
Brahmana, also speaks of antipodes of Earth and indeed implies the existence of
Earth’s rotation. In addition, even more elementary concepts like the phases of
Moon and the cause of twilight were well understood, as was the fact that the
blue sky is nothing but scattered sunlight. (cf. Markandeya Purana, 78.8, or 103.9)
Sun the center of the
Solar System:
Dick Teresi has observed that:
"The Vedas recognized the sun as the source of light
and warmth, the source of life, and center of creation, and the center of the
spheres. This perception may have planted a seed, leading Indian thinkers to
entertain the idea of heliocentricity long before some Greeks thought of it. An
ancient Sanskrit couplet also
contemplates the idea of multiple suns:
"Sarva Dishanaam,
Suryaham Suryaha, Surya."
Roughly translated this means, "There are suns in all
directions, the night sky being full of them," suggesting that early sky
watchers may have realized that the visible stars are similar in kind to the
sun. A hymn of the Rig Veda, the Taittriya Brahmana, extols,
nakshatravidya (nakshatra means stars; vidya, knowledge)."
"Two thousand
years before Pythagoras, philosophers in northern India had understood that
gravitation held the solar system together, and that therefore the sun, the
most massive object, had to be at its center. "
(source: Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science - By
Dick Teresi p. 1 and 130)
One frequently encounters the concepts of the Sun being at
the center of the solar system (cf Markandeya
Purana, 106. 41). All this pales, however, before the concept,
startlingly similar to the twentieth-century model, of an oscillating universe,
or more accurately, a universe being cyclically created and destroyed, with
just about the right time period of about 10,000 million years.
(cf. Mahabharata
Santi Parva, or Markandeya Purana, 81, 57-58).
The Rig Veda repeatedly
asks, "How is it that
though the Sun is not bound and is directed downwards, it does not fall?" A
question asked by Isaac Newton more than three thousand years later, and no one
else, because the Greeks had furnished the crystal spheres to which these
objects were attached!
When we talk of gravity, Newton comes to our mind, but in the text Surya Sidhantha dated around 400 AD, Bhaskaracharya described it stated. "objects fall on the earth due to one force. The Earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit because of that one force".
When we talk of gravity, Newton comes to our mind, but in the text Surya Sidhantha dated around 400 AD, Bhaskaracharya described it stated. "objects fall on the earth due to one force. The Earth, planets, constellations, moon and sun are held in orbit because of that one force".
"Seven horses draw the
chariot of Surya". Rg Veda 5. 45. 9
These seven horses are the seven colors compromising light. These seven colors become visible in a rainbow or when light passes through a prism.
These seven horses are the seven colors compromising light. These seven colors become visible in a rainbow or when light passes through a prism.
Vedic literature used large numbers and employed modern decimal
enumeration, compared with the primitive Greek and Roman arithmetic. The first
recorded evidence of "Hindu" numerals is at least as old as the
Ashoka's edicts, circa 250 B. C.
Not just astronomy, but other physical concepts appear in
quite a developed form in ancient Indian literature. These include atomism,
superposition of various sound notes, the division of time into very small
units of the order of a 100,000th of a second, and so on.
The Laya
Yoga Samhita stated that just as the beams of sunlight entering a room
reveal the presence of innumberable motes, so infinite space is filled with
countless brahmandas (solar systems). The atomic structure of matter was
discussed in the ancient Vaisesika treatises. And in the Yoga Vashista it was
stated, in a passage very similar to the foregoing: "There are vast worlds
all placed way within the hollows of each atom, multifarious as the motes in a
sunbeam." (source: Crises in Modern Thought: The Crises of Reason - By Swami Kriyananda (J. Donald Walters) vol. 1 p - 95).
Modern physics confirmed that the sun's rays travel in a curved way, but not in a straight line. Our ancestors told that the sun's chariot was drawn by seven horses tied by snakes. As the movements of the snakes are crooked and curved, so also the sun's ray. The phenomenon is described in a metaphysical poetic line bhujagana mita sapta turaga. The chapter on light says that there are seven colors in the white ray of the sun. Artharveda says that there are seven types of sun's rays, sapta surayasya rasmayah.
The law of gravitation discovered by Brahmagupta anticipated Newton by declaring "all things fall to the earth by law of nature; for it is the nature of the earth to attract and keep things."
(source: Hinduism and Scientific Quest - By T R. R. Iyengar p. 153-154 South Asia Books ASIN 8124600775).
Marquis Pierre
Simon de Laplace ( 1749-1827) French
mathematician, philosopher, and astronomer, a contemporary of Napoleon. Laplace is best known for his nebular hypothesis of the origin
of the solar system. wrote:
"Nevertheless the ancient reputation of the Indians does not permit us to doubt that they have always cultivated astronomy, and the remarkable exactness of the mean motions which they assign to the Sun and the Moon necessarily required very ancient observation."
Yaqubi, Shiite historian, wrote in the ninth century: "Hindu are more exact in astronomy and astrology than any other people.
Atoms:
"Nevertheless the ancient reputation of the Indians does not permit us to doubt that they have always cultivated astronomy, and the remarkable exactness of the mean motions which they assign to the Sun and the Moon necessarily required very ancient observation."
Yaqubi, Shiite historian, wrote in the ninth century: "Hindu are more exact in astronomy and astrology than any other people.
Atoms:
In the realm of physics, remarkable contributions have
been made by Indian scientists. Kanada,
the founder of the Vaisesika system of
philosophy, expounded that the entire matter in this world consists of
atoms as many in kind as the various elements. Kanada's atom would then correspond
to the modern atom. Some Jain thinkers went a step further. They thought that
all atoms are the same kind and variety emerged because they entered into
different combinations. Kanada taught that light and heat are variations of the
same reality. Vacaspati
interpreted light as composed of minute particles emitted by substances and
striking the eyes. This is a clear anticipation of the corpuscular theory of
light, which was proposed by Newton but rejected till the discovery of the
proton.
(source: Hinduism and Scientific Quest - By T R. R. Iyengar p. 153-154 South Asia Books ASIN 8124600775).
(source: Hinduism and Scientific Quest - By T R. R. Iyengar p. 153-154 South Asia Books ASIN 8124600775).
Other discoveries of modern technology is that of atomic
energy and its by-products. Most people agree that no civilization before us
had knowledge of such things. But time
and time again we find in the Vedic literature descriptions of weapons that had
a similar amount of energy as the atomic bombs we use today. And to what else
would these next few verses from the Artha-veda be referring if they are not a
description of the basic principles of atomic energy?
"The Atomic energy fissions the ninety-nine elements,
covering its path by the bombardments of neutrons without let or hindrance.
Desirous of stalking the head, i.e. the chief part of the swift power, hidden
in the mass of molecular adjustments of the elements, this atomic energy
approaches it in the very act of fissioning it by the above-noted bombardment.
Herein verily the scientist know the similar hidden striking force of the rays
of the sun working in the orbit of the moon. " (Artha-Veda, 20.41.1-3)
J. Robert Oppenheimer, (1904-1967) Scientist, philosopher, bohemian, and radical.
A theoretical physicist and the Supervising Scientist Manhattan Project, the
developer of the atomic bomb said: He is most remembered for his work
with Albert Einstein on the first atomic bomb.
Only seven years after the first successful atom bomb
blast in New Mexico, Dr. Oppenheimer, of The Manhattan Project, who was familiar with ancient Sanskrit
literature, was giving a lecture at Rochester University. During the question
and answer period a student asked a question to which Oppenheimer gave a
strangely qualified answer:
Student: Was the bomb exploded at Alamogordo during the Manhattan Project the first one to be detonated?
Dr. Oppenheimer: "Well -- yes. In modern times, of course.
"Berlitz goes on to quote a number of passages from the Mahabharata that describe the impact of a weapon that I suspect must be the brahmaastra, although he neither names the weapon nor cites those sections of the text from which his quotations are drawn (he lists Protap Chandra Roy's translation of 1889 in his bibliography):...a single projectile Charged with all the power of the Universe.
An incandescent column of smoke and flame As bright as ten thousand Suns Rose in all its splendor......it was an unknown weapon, An iron thunderbolt, A gigantic messenger of death, Which reduced to ashes. The Entire race of the Vrishnis and the Andhakas....the corpses were so burned As to be unrecognizable. Their hair and nails fell out; Pottery broke without apparent cause, And the birds turned white. After a few hours all foodstuffs were infected......To escape from this fire. The soldiers threw themselves in streams to wash themselves and their equipment...
One is reminded of the yet unknown final
effect of a super-bomb when we read in the Ramayana of a projectile: Student: Was the bomb exploded at Alamogordo during the Manhattan Project the first one to be detonated?
Dr. Oppenheimer: "Well -- yes. In modern times, of course.
"Berlitz goes on to quote a number of passages from the Mahabharata that describe the impact of a weapon that I suspect must be the brahmaastra, although he neither names the weapon nor cites those sections of the text from which his quotations are drawn (he lists Protap Chandra Roy's translation of 1889 in his bibliography):...a single projectile Charged with all the power of the Universe.
An incandescent column of smoke and flame As bright as ten thousand Suns Rose in all its splendor......it was an unknown weapon, An iron thunderbolt, A gigantic messenger of death, Which reduced to ashes. The Entire race of the Vrishnis and the Andhakas....the corpses were so burned As to be unrecognizable. Their hair and nails fell out; Pottery broke without apparent cause, And the birds turned white. After a few hours all foodstuffs were infected......To escape from this fire. The soldiers threw themselves in streams to wash themselves and their equipment...
...So powerful that it could destroy
The earth in an instant -
A great soaring sound in smoke and flames...
And on it sits Death...
(source: Doomsday 1999 A.D. - By Charles Berlitz Doubleday;
March 1981 ASIN 038515982X p. 118-122).
(Refer to Visions of the End
of the World - By Dr. Subhash Kak - sulekha.com).
Oppenheimer described the thoughts that passed through his mind when he witnessed the first atomic test explosion.
"Of a thousand suns in the sky if suddenly should burst forth the light, it would be like unto the light of that Exalted One. (Bhagvad Gita XI,12)
" Death am I, cause of destruction of the worlds, matured and set out to gather in the worlds there" (Bhagvad Gita XI 32)
For example, the Vishnu Purana in an insightful passage declares,
“How can reality be predicated of what is subject to change, and reassumes no more of its original character? Earth is fabricated into a jar; the jar is divided into two halves; the halves are broken to pieces, the pieces become dust; the dust becomes atoms….”
Oppenheimer described the thoughts that passed through his mind when he witnessed the first atomic test explosion.
"Of a thousand suns in the sky if suddenly should burst forth the light, it would be like unto the light of that Exalted One. (Bhagvad Gita XI,12)
" Death am I, cause of destruction of the worlds, matured and set out to gather in the worlds there" (Bhagvad Gita XI 32)
For example, the Vishnu Purana in an insightful passage declares,
“How can reality be predicated of what is subject to change, and reassumes no more of its original character? Earth is fabricated into a jar; the jar is divided into two halves; the halves are broken to pieces, the pieces become dust; the dust becomes atoms….”
Om Tat Sat
(Continued...)
( My humble Pranam, Honour
and also gratitude to Ms. Sushma Londhe ji for her
noble, magnanimous and eminent works on the peerless Wisdom
of our Sacred Scriptures)
(My
humble salutations to , H H Swamyjis, Hindu Wisdom, great Universal
Philosophers, Historians, Professors and Devotees for the
discovering collection)
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